The Anxiety Of Eating Disorders - 1168 Words

Anger and sadness are both common emotions when dealing with not only mental illness but specifically eating disorders. Both are easy to identify however, most people don’t realize disgust is a core emotion, best described as a feeling of intense aversion. Like any bodily system, the disgust emotional response can fail and lead to severe health problems. Researchers have only recently begun to recognize the attitude of disgust and how it plays a part in the vast majority of of mental illnesses, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, phobias and depression. While disgust does play a role in mental illness, it mainly occupies eating disorders such as restrictive eaters, anorexia, bulimia and binge eating disorder. With these eating disorders the emotion of disgust is altered and is either heightened or abnormally suppressed. In general, it is assumed that eating disorders stem from depression or anxiety however disgust is an underlying cause of eating disorders and solving thi s problem will help lead to a cure for eating disorders. (Schienle, Phillips, Houben, Ekman) Disgust is classified as a â€Å"food based emotion† and was developed as an evolutionary response in order to forbid ingestion of harmful contents. (Ekman) â€Å"Disgust has long been considered a powerful way of protecting us from things that could harm us or make us sick. For instance, we find rotting fruits, or meat crawling with maggots disgusting, triggering avoidance of such food products. Disgust, thus, is aShow MoreRelatedEating, Bipolar and Anxiety Disorders1145 Words   |  5 PagesIn 2010, eating disorders had a reported 7,000 deaths each year. Not only this, but 3%-5% of children under the age of 18 have an anxiety disorder. Also 15% of all bipolar disorder patients have committed suicide. Eating disorders, anxiety disorders, and bipolar disorders are all prevalent today throughout all ages. Even middle schoolers. Eating Disorders Eating disorders are abnormal eating habits that usually involve eating too little or too much food to the harmful point of both physical andRead MoreDepression, Anxiety, And Eating Disorders2472 Words   |  10 Pagessuch as anxiety, depression, Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD), substance abuse, eating disorders, or ADHD are just the brink of this horrible world of illnesses. The definition of a mental illness is a disorder that affects your mood, thinking, and behaviour. Which is why when we consider and look at what these illnesses are doing to the young minds of this generation, we see that it is quickly devouring play time, creativity, and amongst the most happiness. Depression, Anxiety, and eating disordersRead MoreEssay Co-occurrence of Anxiety Disorders and Eating Disorders3078 Words   |  13 PagesCo-occurrence of Anxiety Disorders and Eating Disorders I. Introduction Considering the growing preoccupation of teenage girls with their weight and their bodies, eating disorders have become even more of a concern. In light of the fact that mortality in anorexia nervosa is among the highest of all psychiatric disorders, it is increasingly important to understand what causes eating disorders and how best to treat them (Herzog et al., 1996). A meaningful area of research to consider whenRead MoreEffectiveness Of Highly Sequenced Cognitive Behavioral Therapy For Other Specified Feeding Or Eating Disorders And Anxiety1332 Words   |  6 PagesIn 2005, Swedish researchers, Nevonen and Broberg, investigated the effectiveness of highly sequenced cognitive-behavioral therapy for Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders and anxiety. They released a study examining thirty five EDNOS participants with a mean age of 20.5, matched and randomized to twenty three sessions of sequenced CBT, followed by either individual or group therapy. Intention-to-treat anal ysis was used and participants were measured pre, post-treatment, and at one and 2Read More ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Examine How One or More Factors (Biological, Cognitive, Socio-Cultural) Influence Either One Specific Anxiety Disorder or One Specific Eating Disorder?1838 Words   |  8 Pagesspecific anxiety disorder or one specific eating disorder? Abnormal psychology is a division of psychology that studies people who are ‘abnormal’ or ‘atypical’ compared to the members of a given society. However, it is essential to note the fact that it is a very vague and ambivalent term, not to mention the fact that our socio-cultural heritage and specific circumstances may affect our perspective upon it. This essay will look as post-traumatic stress disorder (a severe anxiety disorder that canRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Anxiety Disorders1193 Words   |  5 PagesAnxiety Disorder â€Å"Anxiety refers to the brain response to danger, stimuli that an organism will actively attempt to avoid† (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2009, p. 1). Both children and adolescence are at risk of anxiety disorders; it is known that it is the most frequent disorder of these age groups. The classification can be found in a DSM or ICD (Beesdo, Knappe, Pine, 2009). In children, the separation from normal anxiety to pathological anxiety is difficult to assess. Some examples of normal anxietyRead MoreLong Term Effects of Childhood Separation Anxiety1230 Words   |  5 PagesSeparation Anxiety Abstract This report delves into the connection between childhood separation anxiety disorder and the long-term implications that it may have. To understand the connections I preformed secondary research through â€Å"Academic Search Complete†. I found that childhood separation anxiety disorder is connected with serious mental disorders, such as anorexia, bulimia, social phobias, depression, and behavior disorders. Many studies have shown that childhood separation anxiety disorder is linkedRead MoreThe Effects Of Eating Disorders On Children And Young Adult Adults998 Words   |  4 Pagesor laxatives.† (nationaleatingdisorders.org). Eating disorders are an exceedingly serious illness that anyone can suffer from, and can lead to death. Most of the time, when someone has an eating disorder, they show at least some of the common signs and symptoms. Eating disorders are an extremely serious illness that can affect anyone, no matter what gender, race, or age. However, most commonly about 90% of the people that suffer from eating disorders are teens and young adult females (CoopermanRead MoreEating Disorders1328 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Barlow,Durand and Stewart(2012), eating disorders are found to be more prevalent among women, specifically between the ages of 12 and 25 years of age. Prior to modern research, researchers saw eating disorders as a Western phenomenon due to the fact that non western countries did not have such a wide variety of food available to them. This perspective is now changing. Individuals in other countries (non-western) have been diagnosed with eating disorders as well, however it is not as frequentRead MoreDifferent Types of Disorders Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesDisorders Disorder can be defined as a disturbance to the regular or normal functions.(â€Å"Disorder†). Disorders are something that the individual can not control. I believe that if they could be completely prevented, then there would be no such things as disorders. Who would really want to have a medical issue? Disorders range from functional disorders all the way to those considered mental disorders (Disorder.). Functional Disorders According to TheFreeDictionary.com, functional

The Effects of Tone in A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner

The story A Rose for Emily is one of first William Faulkner’s publications. The action of this story takes place in a time filled with social and political turmoil, when Southern came into a historical lethargy, and when its glow start faded. The elements presented in A Rose for Emily make reference to that time and are a tribute to Mss. Emily Graiser. A dominant tone is shown by a footprint of the past and loneliness to which was added symbolism and melancholia. The author showed us through his words issue of life, love and death, a sensitivity which gets us closer of characters life and struggles. The story begins with the death of Emily Graiser- the main character- and the action is presented backwards and gradually her life and†¦show more content†¦Symbolic the hose became part of her, and what once was full of hope and happiness, with the death of her father, whom she loved and respected, and whose death was hardly accepted by her, and the mysterious disappearance of her fiancà ©, the house became a prison where Tobe-the loyal servant- was the only one to have access to. The two male figures from her life had a great influence on her especially that in the 1930s women were not allowed to have a job or education they were being considered inferior to men. The time factor is accentuated when the Colonel Santoriss name was mentioned, a character dead for ten years to which Emily insisted on being asked the reason for which she was not paying taxes. Later with modernization of the city and postal appearance she refuses a number for her house, wanting everything to remain unchanged. Her appearance has suffered a total transformation with the disappearance of her men from her life, her appearance being presented in the beginning as slender figure and later time She Looked bloated .... Her eyes, lost in fatty ridges of her face.(33) Emily is a character surrounded by mystery, leaving a mark on the influence of others, causing them to create their own scenarios about her life. It happened when she met Homer, when everyone hoped she will marry him, or when she bought poison and everyone thought she would poison herself. Her high wealthy status and respect were emphasized when she kicked out the people whoShow MoreRelatedComparison and Contrast: A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner and The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe929 Words   |  4 Pagesevident in how William Faulkner and Edgar Allan Poe employ it to achieve distinctly Gothic effects. â€Å"A Rose for Emily† and â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† are very different stories set in very different worlds, and the tone of the narration in each is equally different. Nonetheless, the stories both offer strong symbolism, and they each rely on how the short story amplifies the Gothic, or dark, by virtue of brief presentation. Poes â€Å"The Cask of Amontillado† and Faulkners â€Å"A Rose for Emily† both employRead MoreUses of the Conventions of the Gothic Story in The Yellow Wallpaper and A Rose for Emily1467 Words   |  6 Pagesextremely popular form of literature, and it has been a major genre since then. The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and A Rose for Emily by William Faulkner are both Gothic horror stories consisting madness and suspense. The Gothic horror story carries particular conventions in its setting, theme, point of view, and characterisation. Both Gilman and Faulkner follow the conventions of the Gothic horror story to create feelings of gloom, mystery, and suspense that are essential for compellingRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner890 Words   |  4 Pageswill further isolate themselves from society. William Faulkner, author of A Rose For Emily, captures with great detail, the effects of isolation. A Rose For Emily centers around the death of Emily Grierson, a â€Å"fallen idol† in the town. All of the townspeople view Emily’s death as an opportunity to piece together the puzzle that is Emily’s life. Emily, having had her father turn down all suitors, was never married and did not have kids. This isolated Emily from the rest of the town, to the point whereRead MoreFalling Of The Higher Class1320 Words   |  6 Pages2013 Falling of the Higher Class In William Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily,† the protagonist, Emily, is a quiet upper-class woman who is disliked by many in her community, mainly due to her awkward behavior and highly respected social status. While the community progresses during the industrial revolution Emily remains a distant relic of the past that refuses to move on. The story exhibits traits of a capitalist community that is based on classism. Emily is a part of the town’s upper classRead MorePoint Of View In A Rose For Emily By William Faulkner871 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"A Rose for Emily† author William Faulkner, uses the literary element, point of view, to show the town’s feelings as it reacts to the events surrounding Miss Emily, create a suspenseful tone, and convey the theme that oppression can cause someone to reach their breaking point. In the Perrine handout, it says, â€Å"With the growth of artistic consciousness, the question of point of view—of who tells the story, and, therefore, of how it gets told—has assumed special importance† (Perrine). In this caseRead MoreA Rose For Emily By William Faulkner1270 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Faulkner’s short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† thoroughly examines the life of a strange woman name Emily Grierson who lives in the town of Jefferson. If we examine â€Å"A Rose for Emily† in terms of formalist criticism, we see that the story dramatizes through setting, plot, characterization, and symbolism on how Miss Emily’s life is controlled by a possessive love she had for her father and lover. William Faulkner uses Emily’s life as the protagonist to examine from a formalist aspect. In orderRead More Impact of Imagery Essay753 Words   |  4 Pagesgreat deal of effect on the impact of the story. A story with effective imagery will give the reader a clear mental picture of what is happening and enhance what the writer is trying to convey to the reader. William Faulkner exhibits excellent imagery that portrays vivid illustrations in ones mind that enhances, â€Å"A Rose for Emily†. The following paragraphs will demonstrate how Faulkner uses imagery to illustrate descriptive pictures of people, places and things that allow Faulkner to titillate theRead MoreAn Occurrence At Old Creek Bridge And William Faulkner s A Rose For Emily1210 Words   |  5 Pagesrarely written in a non-linear structure. Ambrose Bierce’s â€Å"An Occurrence at Old Creek Bridge† and William Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose for Emily† are good examples of non-linear structure. A non-linear narrative makes readers question why the author cannot present his story i n a lucid form? Non-linear structure often makes stories harder to understand, but it keeps readers interested in the story. Bierce and Faulkner uses a similar strategy to present their stories by deceiving the readers to create suspense atRead MoreA Rose for Emily by William Faulkner678 Words   |  3 Pagesstory â€Å"A Rose for Emily†, William Faulkner escorts the reader through the peculiar life of the main character Miss Emily Grierson. The gloomy tone of the story is set by the author beginning his tale with the funeral of Miss Emily. During course of the story, we are taken through different times in Miss Emily’s life and how she was lost in time, with the town around her moving forward. Through the use of southern gothic writing style, narrator point of view, and foreshadowing, Faulkner aids theRead MoreThe Search for Time in Yoknapatawpha County1908 Words   |  8 PagesImagine how different Harry Potter would be if it took place in South Africa, instead of the magical kingdom of Hogwarts? Setting also enhances the tone of the narrator by adding effects, such as, weather changes, time of day, time of the year and the time period of the story. Furthermore, in the short story â€Å"A Rose for Emily† by William Faulkner, the setting is a source of conflict. The narrator’s of the story, the town’s people, have an unknown entity, but because the story shifts between time

The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 11 Free Essays

‘He also said he’d come not to bring peace, but a sword.’ ‘When did he say that?’ ‘That was in Capernaum, not long after Matthew joined us. Jesus was telling us what to do when we went out to preach. We will write a custom essay sample on The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 11 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He said, â€Å"Don’t think I’ve come to bring peace to the earth. I haven’t come to bring peace, but a sword. I’ve come to set a man against his father, and a daughter against her mother, and a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law; and your enemies will be members of your own household.†Ã¢â‚¬Ëœ Christ wrote it down just as the apostle told him. ‘That sounds exactly like the sort of thing he’d come out with,’ he said. ‘Did he say anything else?’ ‘He said, â€Å"Those who find their life will lose it, and those who lose their life for my sake will find it.† There’s some of us thinking of those words again now.’ The Stranger Tells Christ What Part He Must Play The man said goodbye, and hastened back to his companions. Christ went to his room to transcribe the words on to a scroll, and then he knelt down, intending to pray for strength to withstand the test that was to come. But he hadn’t been praying for long before there came a knock on the door. Knowing who it was, he got up and let the angel in. The angel greeted him with a kiss. ‘I’m ready, sir,’ said Christ. ‘Is it tonight?’ ‘We have a little time to talk first. Sit, and take some wine.’ Christ poured some wine for himself, and for the angel, too, knowing that angels had eaten and drunk with Abraham and Sarah. ‘Sir, since I am not going to be here for long,’ said Christ, ‘will you answer a question I’ve put to you more than once, and tell me who you are and where you come from?’ ‘I thought we had come to trust each other, you and I?’ ‘I have given my life into your hands. All I ask is a little knowledge in return.’ ‘This is not the first occasion on which your faith has failed.’ ‘If you know about the other occasion, sir, you will know how much I lamented it. I would give anything to live that night again. But haven’t I done faithfully everything you’ve asked of me? Haven’t I written a true record of my brother’s life and words? And now, haven’t I assented to the role you told me of last time we spoke? I am ready to play the part of Isaac. I’m ready to give my life for the Kingdom, and atone for the time when my faith was needed, and when it failed. Sir, let me plead with you: I beg you, tell me more. Otherwise I shall go out of my life in darkness.’ ‘I told you that this task would be difficult. The part of Isaac is easy; it’s the part of Abraham that is hard. You are not to die. You are to give Jesus to the authorities. He is the one who will die.’ Christ was astounded. ‘Betray my brother? When I love him as I do? I could never do that! Sir, that’s too hard! I beg you, don’t ask this of me!’ In his distraction, Christ got up and beat his hands together and struck his head. Then he fell to the floor and clasped the angel’s knees. ‘Let me die in his place, I beg you!’ he cried. ‘We look similar ?C no one will know ?C he can continue his work! What am I doing except keeping a record? Anyone could do that! My informant is a good and honest man ?C he could write it ?C he would be well placed to continue the history I’ve begun ?C you don’t need me to live! All my life I have been trying to serve my brother, and now, when I thought I could do him the greatest service of all by dying in his place, are you going to rob me of it by making me betray him instead? Don’t bring me to this! I can’t do it, I can’t; let it pass me by!’ The angel stroked Christ’s hair. ‘Sit up now,’ he said, ‘and I shall tell you a little of what’s been hidden.’ Christ wiped his tears and tried to compose himself. ‘The truth of everything I say is already known to you,’ the stranger began. ‘You have said much of it to Jesus in your own words. You told him that people needed miracles and signs; you told him of the importance of dramatic events in persuading them to believe. He didn’t listen, because he thought that the Kingdom was coming so soon that no persuasion would be necessary. And again, you urged him to accept the existence of what we have agreed to call the church. He scoffed at the idea. But he was wrong, and you were right. Without miracles, without a church, without a scripture, the power of his words and his deeds will be like water poured into the sand. It dampens the sand for a moment, and then the sun comes and dries it, and after a minute there’s no sign that it’s ever been there. Even the history that you’ve begun to write so meticulously, with such diligence and care for the truth, even that will be scattered like dry leaves and forgotten. In another generation the name of Jesus will mean nothing, and neither will the name Christ. How many healers and exorcists and preachers are there walking the roads of Palestine? Dozens and dozens. Every one will be forgotten, and so will Jesus. Unless-‘ ‘But the Kingdom,’ said Christ, ‘the Kingdom will come!’ ‘No,’ said the angel, ‘there will be no Kingdom in this world. You were right about that as well.’ ‘I never denied the Kingdom!’ ‘You did. When you described the church, you spoke as if the Kingdom would not come about without it. And you were right.’ ‘No, no! I said that if God wanted to, he could bring the Kingdom about just by lifting a finger.’ ‘But God does not want to. God wants the church to be an image of the Kingdom. Perfection does not belong here; we can only have an image of perfection. Jesus, in his purity, is asking too much of people. We know they’re not perfect, as he wishes them to be; we have to adjust ourselves to what they are. You see, the true Kingdom would blind human beings like the sun, but they need an image of it all the same. And that is what the church will be. My dear Christ,’ the stranger went on, leaning forward, ‘human life is difficult; there are profundities and compromises and mysteries that look to the innocent eye like betrayal. Let the wise men of the church bear those burdens, because there are plenty of other burdens for the faithful to carry. There are children to educate, there are the sick to nurse, there are the hungry to feed. The body of the faithful will do all these things, fearlessly, selflessly, ceaselessly, and it will do more, because there are other needs as well. There is the desire for beauty and music and art; and that is a hunger that is a double blessing to assuage, because the things that satisfy it are not consumed, but go on to nourish everyone who hungers for them, again and again for ever. The church you describe will inspire all these things, and provide them in full measure. And there is the noble passion for knowledge and inquiry, for philosophy, for the most royal study of the nature and mystery of divinity itself. Under the guidance and protection of the church, all these human needs from the most common and physical to the most rare and spiritual will be satisfied again and again, and every covenant will be fulfilled. The church will not be the Kingdom, because the Kingdom is not of this world; but it will be a foreshadowing of the Kingdom, and the one sure way to reach it. ‘But only ?C only ?C if at the centre of it is the ever-living presence of a man who is both a man and more than a man, a man who is also God and the word of God, a man who dies and is brought to life again. Without that, the church will wither and perish, an empty husk, like every other human structure that lives for a moment and then dies and blows away.’ ‘What are you saying? What is this? Brought to life again?’ ‘If he does not come to life again, then nothing will be true. If he doesn’t rise from his grave, the faith of countless millions yet unborn will die in the womb, and that is a grave from which nothing will rise. I told you how truth is not history, and comes from outside time, and comes into the darkness like a light. This is that truth. It’s a truth that will make everything true. It’s a light that will lighten the world.’ ‘But will it happen?’ ‘Such stubbornness! Such hardness of heart! Yes, it will happen, if you believe in it.’ ‘But you know how weak my faith is! I couldn’t even†¦ You know what I couldn’t do.’ ‘We are discussing truth, not history,’ the angel reminded him. ‘You may live history, but you must write truth.’ ‘It’s in history that I want to see him rise again.’ ‘Then believe.’ ‘And if I can’t?’ ‘Then think of an orphan child, lost and cold and starving. Think of a sick man, racked with pain and fear. Think of a dying woman terrified by the coming darkness. There will be hands reaching out to comfort them and feed them and warm them, there will be voices of kindness and reassurance, there will be soft beds and sweet hymns and consolation and joy. All those kindly hands and sweet voices will do their work so willingly because they know that one man died and rose again, and that this truth is enough to cancel out all the evil in the world.’ ‘Even if it never happened.’ The angel said nothing. Christ waited for a response, but none came. So he said, ‘I can see now. It’s better that one man should die than that all these good things should never come about. That’s what you’re saying. If I’d known it would come to this, I wonder if I’d ever have listened to you in the first place. And I’m not surprised that you left it till now before making it clear. You’ve caught me in a net so that I’m tangled like a gladiator and I can’t fight my way out.’ Still the angel said nothing. Christ went on, ‘And why me? Why must it be my hand that betrays him? It’s not as if he’s hard to find. It’s not as if no one in Jerusalem knows what he looks like. It’s not as if there are no greedy scum who wouldn’t give him away for a handful of coins. Why must I do it?’ ‘Do you remember what Abraham said when he was commanded to sacrifice his son?’ said the angel then. Christ was silent. ‘He said nothing,’ he said finally. ‘And do you remember what happened when he lifted the knife?’ ‘An angel told him not to harm the boy. And then he saw the ram caught in the thicket.’ The angel stood up to leave. ‘Take your time, my dear Christ,’ he said. ‘Consider everything. When you’re ready, come to the house of Caiaphas, the high priest.’ Christ at the Pool of Bethesda Christ meant to stay in his room and think about the ram in the thicket: did the angel mean that something would happen at the last minute to save his brother? What else could he have meant? But the room was small and stuffy, and Christ needed fresh air. He wrapped his cloak around himself and went out into the streets. He walked towards the temple, and then away again; he walked towards the Damascus gate, and then turned to one side, whether left or right he didn’t know; and presently he found himself at the pool of Bethesda. This was a place where invalids of every kind came in the hope of being healed. The pool was surrounded by a colonnade under which some of the sick slept all night, though they were supposed to come only during the hours of daylight. Christ made his way quietly under the colonnade and sat on the steps that led down to the pool. The moon was nearly full, but clouds covered the sky, and Christ could not see much apart from the pale stone and the dark water. He hadn’t been there for more than a minute when he heard a shuffling sound, and turned in alarm to see something coming towards him: a man whose legs were paralysed pulling himself laboriously over the stone pavement. Christ got up, ready to move away, but the man said, ‘Wait, sir, wait for me.’ Christ sat down again. He wanted to be alone, but he remembered the angel’s description of the good work that would be done by that church they both wanted to see; could he possibly turn away from this poor man? Or could the beggar in some unimaginable way be the ram that would be sacrificed instead of Jesus? ‘How can I help you?’ Christ said quietly. ‘Just stay and talk to me for a minute or two, sir. That’s all I want.’ The crippled man pulled himself up next to Christ and lay there breathing heavily. ‘How long have you been waiting for a cure?’ said Christ. ‘Twelve years, sir.’ ‘Will no one help you to the water? Shall I help you now?’ ‘No good now, sir. What happens is that an angel comes every so often and stirs the water up, and the first one in the pool afterwards gets cured. I can’t move so quickly, as you may have noticed.’ ‘How do you live? What do you eat? Have you got friends or a family to look after you?’ ‘There’s some people who come along sometimes and give us a bit of food.’ How to cite The Good Man Jesus and the Scoundrel Christ Chapter 11, Essay examples

Ethical Responsibilities of Financial Reporting - Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Ethical Responsibilities of Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction: A vital part of being ethical in the region of accounting is giving the investors with effective financial data. An estimation can be undertaken that the companies that are sustainable are intrinsically ethical than the firms who neglect to contribute to the preservation of the planet. If these ethics are able to interpret in various facets of the organizations, then their financial statements should theoretically be more effective than the ones that are less ethical as the counterparts (Cheng et al., 2014). The organizations who do not think about acting in an ethical manner will be more influenced to post inflated or misleading numbers in their financial reports if it defines that the financial profits can be undertaken or they can otherwise meet any self-interest influenced desires. Effective ethics are discovered to be the biggest asset of the profession of accounting as their job means nothing if the results cannot be trusted. Conversely, the accounting standards are not always in the white and black and the managers have certain discretion as to how they want to handle with any number of circumstances. Due to the goal of each firm is to increase the profit, there are always a chance that a manager can be influenced to slant the numbers such that the probable investors are likely to invest money (Parsons, Moffat 2014). While this can lead to the effectiveness of the organization executives, this deception can even make the investors misinformed and decisions that are ill fated with their money. Therefore, it is essential to assess the company ethics to make sure that the potential for effective investments and even play a field for people who are risk averse who look for safer ways in order to invest their money that has been hard earned (Fernandez-Feijoo et al., 2014). In the current time period, the fraud related to accounting and other corporate scandals has rocked the equity market and their similar industries, defilement of the ethical responsibility and the status of the top level management and the episode aftermath or leading to the downfall of the large multinational organizations like Tesco, Enron and more. The paper concentrates on the ethical downfalls that lead to the disaster of the corporate auditors and accountants in order to fulfil their accountabilities for the purpose of financial reporting to the investors who are significant ones. They are vital for sustaining continuation of the capital markets and the capital. The data on the enterprise success is a key connection among the capital suppliers and the business firms who are making use of that capital. When the accountants are unable to provide the investors with the precise data that is authentic to their capital allotment decisions. The failure of the ethics that characterise fissures of fiduciary duties by the individual who grant the accountabilities but could not accomplish them to behave in an ethical manner. Research Questions The line of segmentation among the behaviour that is acceptable and the unethical behaviour is not a bright one as various individuals observe it in various areas. There are few of them that believe that individuals of a job in exchange for their income, independence and prestige that are rendered to have accountabilities in order to look after their stakeholders, clients and consumers without always being focused on their own incomes. Therefore, the research questions that has been framed are: Trevino, Nelson (2016) has reviewed that the management who oversees the reporting corporations is of the interest disclosing in their favourable performance to the investors who are vital to the sustaining contribution of the capital and overlook the fiduciary accountability to the investors. The auditor who are independent are influenced heavily by the enterprise management that they are unable to carry out their accountabilities to the user of the audited financial reports. The close relationship among the management and the auditors must be reduced in the favour of closer relationships among the investors and the auditors. The next factor has been creative accounting explains about the account regulators that have been swayed into manufacturing the regulations that are more favourable to the interest of the preparers of the financial report. Campopiano, De Massis (2015) has cited that two kinds of distortion and manipulations that the authors make to transform the viewpoint of economic practicality that have been shown in the financial reports of the parties who are interested. The next source has been from Lozano, (2015) who have been able to explain on the fact how the organizations have been able to influence the figures that have been disclosed in the annual reports. During the years, the corporate creativity has led to the development of new style of accounting. Therefore, the auditors requires to look for clarification and interpretation from the Accounting Standard Board and undertake strict judgement. Harjoto et al., (2015) has examined the factors that have been raised by the huge array of the accounting standards and the technical rules that have been marked in the current history of accounting. It has been debated that the profession of accounting is plagued by an incomplete and inferior notion of the quality in their work which focuses on the compliance with the rules of processing rather than the correspondence with the commercial results that are essential to construct the financial reports that are dependable guides for the individual activity. Blowfield, Murray (2014) has explained that the rising interest in the corporate social responsibility. This has led to more precise conservation in the accounting of the organizations in order to provide high quality financial data and even least inclined to undertake the unethical practices like earnings management. Usefulness of the earnings Lodhia, (2015) has explained that the key intention of financial reporting is to supply the lender and the investor with the data that provides the users the basis for selecting from the substitute uses of resources that are scarce in nature. Conversely, despite the purpose of the financial reports being clear, there are numerous ways with the help of which the authors of these reports may construe the data that can be helpful. Earnings are often regarded to be the precise element of the data that have been shown in the financial reports. Indeed, when the financial researchers express their knowledge for the future results, they look largely to the income rather than the other financial report elements like the sales, assets and equities (Young, Thyil 2014). Additionally, the managers compensation and hence many if the business decisions is reliant on the objectives of earnings. The real assessment of the earnings effectiveness is a method that has been undertaken plenty of time by various people. Conversely, even with the huge amount of time spent on examining the topic, there is still not a single straightforward solution with respect to the earnings optimization and its effectiveness. Such is the nature of the financial data, the figures that may be helpful to certain users of the financial report that may be irrelevant for the requirements of the other users. When the examination of the earning effectiveness initially started, the underlying principle was very simple: if various individuals looked to be making use of the similar information to construct the financial statements and this fraction of information could be framed as effective. In an examination of the earning usefulness concept, Fernandez-Feijoo et al., (2014) has seen that stock price revision is related with the disclosure of the income report and would thus give out answers that the data that has been shown in the income has been useful. The model framed by Herzig, Moon (2013) accomplished their goals by associating to the market value of the firm with numerous aspects of accounting data and their estimated realizations. This framework built off the general agreement that effective earnings numbers are hugely accountable for the usefulness of the financial reports. Conversely, it even looked in to the account that other common accounting data like the Book Value of Annual Returns and Equity. Due to the success model, there is a vast expanding body of the research that investigates similar issues by making use of the cross sectional regressions where the book value and the earnings act as the primary variables that are independent in nature. In order to understand any relationship among the usefulness of the financial reports of the firm and their ethics, a working explanation of what is ethics in the corporate world has to be explained first. Corporate Social Responsibility is a sort of ethics in the corporate world and is explained as the functioning of a business on a sustainable, desirable and dependable basis that looks after the ethical values, communities, environment and people. The essential features of CSR are inclusive of the corporate governance, workplace practices, social impact and environmental effect (ArAs, 2016). Unfortunately, it is certainly advantageous to the community for corporations to perform in a sustainable way it is not always in the best curiosity of the company to do so. Therefore, the companies who choose the practice sustainability risk taking financial impacts as an outcome. A debate has been made that the sole intention of a business entity is to optimise their profit for their shareholders. In this argument, it has been implied that any resources undertaken in doing anything outside of the maximisation of the profit is contradictory to the role of an economic entity (Sierra?Garca et al., 2015). There are some that go as far as to say that the managers who incorporate CSR policies in order to increase their own political, social and the career agenda in spite of undertaking a disservice to their stakeholders. There lies a key dilemma for the managers as they must manipulate the demands of their stakeholders while restricting public scrutiny with respect to sustainability in a rising environmentally aware community. Sustainability Declarations in Accounting The intention of accounting is to declare the valuable data about the firms in such a way that any party that are concerned can garner some kind of value. Conversely, conventional accounting often neglects to disclose the key data if it does not involve directly to the finances. As the corporations have the social and the economic impacts the declaration of the social and the economic data must be added in their company reports. By this notion, the company who do elect to include a collection of the social impact declarations are giving out more precise effective data than their rivals who select to reveal strictly the financial data. A question arises that whether or not the addition of the sustainability declarations is any parameter of the interest of the firm in giving out useful and comprehensive financial reports (Shafer, 2015). A huge amount of past researches are existent on the associated topics even though most of them make use of the financially dependent variables and therefore it is difficult to undertake a comparison of the results in order to attain a more definite answer. Indeed, certain researchers have declared positive correlation among the financial performance and the corporate social responsibility while the others have disclosed that negative correlation along with everything in between. It is generally gained that the intention of any financial entity is to turn into a profit. In this understanding there is a logical truth that the management behaviour will often rotate around the self-interest. It is this idea of self-interest that gives out the background for the idea of earnings management (Dhaliwal et al., 2014). Earnings management is even known as creative accounting, which is the practice of substituting the financial data in such a manner that abides by the accounting standard rules and even does not abide to the purposed spirit of the laws. Ethical issues in the accounting field is existent in many forms. In order to mitigate the unethical actions, various solutions has to be constructed. In this segment of the research, the researcher looks to discover the various sorts of strategies, approaches and designs that require to be assessed in order to attain the precise outcome for the thesis. Furthermore, the suitability of the gathered data for the paper is dependent on the kind of research methodology that has been framed by the researcher in order to attain the most suitable end result. The research onion has a crucial function in the research methodology in order to make use of the tools in an effective manner. Furthermore, the research onion has been found to be an effective mean with the help of which the author can gain the answers by making use of various tasks (Lawrence, Weber 2014). The various layers of the research onion is highly linked with the research procedure and mechanism that can be exploited by the paper. Additionally, the research onion aids in the precise utilisation of the research philosophy and the strategies and the time frame that has been used in this research. The research philosophy aids the researcher to understand the research essence by utilising the research paradigm. The philosophy of the research consists of the pragmatism, interpretivisim, positivism and realism philosophy. With respect to this paper, positivism philosophy would be used as this paper is associated with the presence of reality that can be understood with the help of the scientifically proven mechanisms. The research approach is one of the key aspects in order to conclude the paper and attaining the solution for the research. Chun et al., (2013) has cited that research approach aids in the recognition of the steps in order to perform the desired operations of the paper. Research approach mainly comprises of two kinds that are inductive and deductive approach. With respect to this paper deductive approach would be undertaken as this paper looks to assess the information with respect to the ethical responsibilities of financial reporting that would be gathered from various secondary sources. Research design aids the researcher the chance of coursing the paper in order to attain the distinct objective that is accordance with the objectives of the paper. The research design consists of descriptive, explanatory and exploratory research design (Malik, 2015). However, in accordance to this paper descriptive research design has been taken into consideration as it would explain the ethical responsibilities in financial reporting the data related to that in an explicit manner so that a precise idea can be attained. The process of data gathering refers to the process and the kind of data that has been used in this paper in order to have an idea about the research topic. As this paper concentrates on explaining the ethical responsibilities in financial reporting, secondary data will be used and this data can be collected from the Singapore Online National Library Board and the online library of the University of Portsmouth. The searches have been mainly based on the qualitative research processes with the help of recognising the ethics associated or the finance associated expressions by making use of an extent of the information sources like the commercial abstracts, academic and the process of internet sourcing engines. The researcher has followed the code of conduct in order to undertake the job in the process of collecting the data. The secondary data has been gathered from authentic sources and therefore ethics have been maintained. The evaluation of the data has been undertaken by understanding the concept of ethics along with its importance and dilemma and how it has an effect on the financial disclosure and the profession of auditing. Ethics allude to a framework or set of accepted rules reliant on moral duties, values and commitments that demonstrates how it is needed to carry on within a constituted society or body. Ethical behaviour alludes to undertakings in firms that has been regarded as reasonable, simply, well beyond the established law and significant directions (Kim et al., 2015).Ethics can be characterized as the branches of rationality concerned about esteem with respect to human behaviour relating to the rightness and misleading quality of activities and to the integrity and wrongfulness of the actions and results of such activities. Ethics is associated with the issues, for example, what individuals face during their process of decision making. Ethics is likewise the investigation of ethical quality keeping in mind the end goal to clarify particular guidelines and rule that decide right and wrong for any given circumstance (Noronha et al., 2013). Ethical quality is more concerned about standards, qualities and convictions that are a piece of a social process, which characterize right and wrong. Ethical quality it could be said that it goes before morals and the two associations and individuals have ethical quality to a specific point. Fortification of professionals and the clients alike. Elucidates the principles and accountabilities of the profession. Development of the profession profile. Inspires and motivates the practitioners It provides strategies on conduct that are acceptable. It increases the extent of awareness and perception on issues. Develops consistency and quality Fundamental Principles of Ethics: Code of ethics for proficient accountants has endorsed five (5) key standards to be clung to by accountants. These are as per the following: Integrity: A skilled accountant ought to be legit and straight forward in all expert and business relationship (Watson, 2015). Objectivity: A skilled accountant should not allow predisposition, conflictive intrigue or undue the effect of others to supersede capable or corporate judgment. Professional Competence and Due Care: A skilled accountant has a ensuing with responsibility to keep up effective learning and aptitude at the extent required to assure that a client or business gets able experienced management in view of recent developments practically speaking, enactment and processes (Attig et al., 2013). A skilled accountant should act in a determined manner and according to the appropriate expert and specialized framework when giving effective management. Confidentiality: A skilled accountant should look at the confidentiality of data procured as an outcome of expert and business relations and should not unveil any information to outcasts without legitimate and distinct expert unless there is an existent of lawful or skilled authority or responsibility to uncover (Zadek et al., 2013). Confidential data gathered because of skilled and corporate relations should not be exploited for the entity favourable position of the skilled accountant or outsider. Professional Behaviour: A skilled accountant should look to conform to pertinent laws and directions and should maintain a planned expanse from any operations that destroys the calling. Ethical Challenges in Auditing Profession There are five sorts of ethical threats related with the profession of auditing. The ethical dilemmas occur as an after-effect of these dangers: Self-interest threats emerge of from having monetary enthusiasm for customer. This monetary intrigue can be for oneself or for other family members. The IFAC code of ethics features an extraordinary number of territories in which a self-interest threats that may emerge as: work employment with client, personal relationship, accomplice on customer board, money related premium, family or individual relationship, higher charges, blessings and friendliness, contingent fees, overdue charges, loans and guarantees (Martnez?Ferrero et al., 2015). A self-review threat arises when the auditors needs to re-assess work finished without anyone else or if the external auditor instructed on the execution with respect to the budgetary detailing arrangement of the customer (Jo et al., 2015). This may happen when the auditor is made a request to advance the customer's position or speak to them somehow. In this circumstance the auditor would need to be one-sided for the customer and hence cannot be objective. This could happen if the customer requested that the auditor advance their offers for a stock trade posting or if the customer asked the examiner to speak to them in court (H?bek, Wolniak 2016). The wellsprings of promotion dangers incorporate legitimate administrations, unexpected expenses, and corporate fund. A familiarity threat occurs when the auditor is disproportionately trusting or thoughtful of the client due to a nearby connotation with them (de Bakker, 2016). This can be on the factors that a close friend or family of the auditor functions in the vital financial aspect for the customer. An intimidation threat emerges when individuals from the confirmation group have motivation to be intimidated by customer staff. The wellsprings of intimidation threat are: close business relationship, suit, family and individual relationship, affirmation staff individuals move to work with customer. A management threat is distinguished in the Accounting Practicing Board (APB) ethical guidelines as opposed to in the IFAC code (Mwangi, Jerotich 2013). A management threat emerges when the review firm embraces work including making judgment and taking choice that is the duty of administration. Conclusion The professional accountant has a crucial role to perform in the maintenance of the reputation of the accounting profession by sustainably looking at the public interest in any given circumstances. The process of unethical financial disclosure can generate the creation of legal actions for the breach of the criminal and civil law, cancellation of the licensing practice with their attendant results and loss of confidence in the financial report. The auditors are anticipated to undertake their standard process in a careful manner, punctually and diligently with respect with their instructions and the suitable auditing standards and the processes by taking into account the virtues that have been time honoured with respect to independence, integrity, objectivity, confidentiality and preserving the technical and professional standards, due care and competence in order to improve the dependability of the financial information. The presence of personal interest must not be permitted to over ride these duties and actions. In the conclusion the potentiality of the decentralised economic system for the effective service of the society has been disrupted by the faults in the process of corporate governance that have provided them extreme authority to those auditors and supervisors who are suitably like the domestics of the owners. When the supervisors have power over the auditors who have been independent and the performance of the board of directors and membership does not have the same potential. The framework of corporate governance in the Britains 1845 Companies Act states that the stakeholders who have been governing the auditors and the board and the board managing the appointed managers look promising. Till the time of the fundamental transformations in the corporate governance have been constructed and can be expected more ethical failures in the corporate financial reporting, increased scandals that are associated with the finance and additional rules to manage the behaviour of ineffectively mot ivated auditors and managers and even more concerned about the ethical failure. It is therefore recommended that the manager and the auditor should be courageous and bold enough to discontinue restricting from any engagement that may lead to threat or risk to their integrity and make their reputation bad in front of the others. There is scope of future work with respect to this paper as it has been observed that ethical responsibility in the procedure of financial reporting will alter along with the changes in the economy and the market. Therefore, the process of financial reporting would even change and thereby would have an impact on the ethics. Therefore, future work on the same topic can be undertaken with the help of which the changes in the ethics can be understood in the near future and in that manner a comparison can be understood with the help of which the changes can be understood. Therefore, future work can be undertaken so that various issues can be discovered and certain problems that have been unanswered can be answered in an effective manner. Reference List ArAs, G. (2016).A handbook of corporate governance and social responsibility. CRC Press. Attig, N., El Ghoul, S., Guedhami, O., Suh, J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility and credit ratings.Journal of Business Ethics,117(4), 679-694. Blowfield, M., Murray, A. (2014).Corporate responsibility. Oxford University Press. Campopiano, G., De Massis, A. (2015). Corporate social responsibility reporting: A content analysis in family and non-family firms.Journal of Business Ethics,129(3), 511-534. Cheng, B., Ioannou, I., Serafeim, G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance.Strategic Management Journal,35(1), 1-23. Chun, J. S., Shin, Y., Choi, J. N., Kim, M. S. (2013). How does corporate ethics contribute to firm financial performance? The mediating role of collective organizational commitment and organizational citizenship behavior.Journal of Management,39(4), 853-877. de Bakker, F. (2016).Managing corporate social responsibility in action: talking, doing and measuring. CRC Press. Dhaliwal, D., Li, O. Z., Tsang, A., Yang, Y. G. (2014). Corporate social responsibility disclosure and the cost of equity capital: The roles of stakeholder orientation and financial transparency.Journal of Accounting and Public Policy,33(4), 328-355. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S., Ruiz, S. (2014). Commitment to corporate social responsibility measured through global reporting initiative reporting: Factors affecting the behavior of companies.Journal of Cleaner Production,81, 244-254. Fernandez-Feijoo, B., Romero, S., Ruiz, S. (2014). Effect of stakeholders pressure on transparency of sustainability reports within the GRI framework.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 53-63. H?bek, P., Wolniak, R. (2016). Assessing the quality of corporate social responsibility reports: the case of reporting practices in selected European Union member states.Quality quantity,50(1), 399-420. Harjoto, M., Laksmana, I., Lee, R. (2015). Board diversity and corporate social responsibility.Journal of Business Ethics,132(4), 641-660. Herzig, C., Moon, J. (2013). Discourses on corporate social ir/responsibility in the financial sector.Journal of Business Research,66(10), 1870-1880. Jo, H., Kim, H., Park, K. (2015). Corporate environmental responsibility and firm performance in the financial services sector.Journal of business ethics,131(2), 257-284. Kim, Y., Li, H., Li, S. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and stock price crash risk.Journal of Banking Finance,43, 1-13. Lawrence, A. T., Weber, J. (2014).Business and society: Stakeholders, ethics, public policy. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. Lodhia, S. (2015). Exploring the transition to integrated reporting through a practice lens: An Australian customer owned bank perspective.Journal of Business Ethics,129(3), 585-598. Lozano, R. (2015). A holistic perspective on corporate sustainability drivers.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), 32-44. Malik, M. (2015). Value-enhancing capabilities of CSR: A brief review of contemporary literature.Journal of Business Ethics,127(2), 419-438. Martnez?Ferrero, J., Garcia?Sanchez, I. M., Cuadrado?Ballesteros, B. (2015). Effect of financial reporting quality on sustainability information disclosure.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), 45-64. Mwangi, C. I., Jerotich, O. J. (2013). The relationship between corporate social responsibility practices and financial performance of firms in the manufacturing, construction and allied sector of the Nairobi Securities Exchange.International Journal of Business, Humanities and Technology,3(2), 81-90. Noronha, C., Tou, S., Cynthia, M. I., Guan, J. J. (2013). Corporate social responsibility reporting in China: An overview and comparison with major trends.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,20(1), 29-42. Parsons, R., Moffat, K. (2014). Constructing the meaning of social licence.Social Epistemology,28(3-4), 340-363. Shafer, W. E. (2015). Ethical climate, social responsibility, and earnings management.Journal of Business Ethics,126(1), 43-60. Sierra?Garca, L., Zorio?Grima, A., Garca?Benau, M. A. (2015). Stakeholder engagement, corporate social responsibility and integrated reporting: an exploratory study.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(5), 286-304. Trevino, L. K., Nelson, K. A. (2016).Managing business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. John Wiley Sons. Watson, L. (2015). Corporate social responsibility research in accounting.Journal of Accounting Literature,34, 1-16. Young, S., Thyil, V. (2014). Corporate social responsibility and corporate governance: Role of context in international settings.Journal of Business Ethics,122(1), 1-24. Zadek, S., Evans, R., Pruzan, P. (2013).Building corporate accountability: Emerging practice in social and ethical accounting and auditing. Routledge. Alonso?Almeida, M., Llach, J., Marimon, F. (2014). A closer look at the Global Reporting Initiativesustainability reporting as a tool to implement environmental and social policies: A worldwide sector analysis.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(6), 318-335. Henderson, S., Peirson, G., Herbohn, K., Howieson, B. (2015).Issues in financial accounting. Pearson Higher Education AU. Rahdari, A. H., Rostamy, A. A. A. (2015). Designing a general set of sustainability indicators at the corporate level.Journal of Cleaner Production,108, 757-771.

School Prayer-Unconstitutional Essays - Secularism, Prayer

School Prayer-Unconstitutional? School Prayer- Unconstitutional or the Way to Uplift Moral? The danger of school prayer becoming reinstated into the United States public schools is ever more increasing. Representative Ernest Istook and more than 100 House members have introduced the Religious Freedom Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. The proposed constitutional amendment would permit school prayer and other religious expression on school property. The article 10 Reasons for Voluntary School Prayer by Norman L. Geisler argues to support this unconstitutional act of bringing religion within our public schools. Although Norman L. Geisler gives ten reasons for voluntary school prayer, for the purpose of the length required for this paper, I will only discuss three. Geislers reason number six for voluntary school prayer is not sound. When diagramming this argument (1), but this is not valid because the fact that school prayer was practiced for 200 years in this country does not make it valid by precedent. Slavery was also practiced in the Untied States for 200 years although it was an unconstitutional act. Just as slavery, prayer in public schools was found unconstitutional by the Supreme Court when it was proven as such to the members of the Supreme Court. Just because a practice is followed for so many years does not deem it as correct or valid. Therefore (1). In Geislers seventh argument he states that the courts outlaw of prayer has a direct correlation with moral decline. Geislers argument can be proven invalid by examining it through the use of the method of difference. o,d,p,s,c,v,a -* M. Geisler does not show that these factors are a direct correlation to moral decline. He does not discuss what the cultural indexes were when prayer was in public schools. He also does not take all factors into account that might have caused an increase in these indexes during these years. A factor such as an increase in the violence on television could also be considered as a cause of moral decline. Therefore it cannot be concluded that the elimination of prayer in the public school system is the direct reason for a moral decline. Geislers ninth argument uses the terms secularism and human secularism interchangeably. He also offers a definition of human secularism and states that the governments policy of forbidding prayer could lead to the establishment of a religion of secularism. According to the American Heritage Dictionary the terms secularism and human secularism have two different definitions. It states secularism is The view that religious considerations should be excluded from civil affairs or public education and secular humanism is An outlook or a philosophy that advocates human rather than religious values. Therefore to use these terms interchangeably is incorrect. This makes Justice Potters statement (establishment of a religion of secularism), take on a whole new meaning. If secularism is simply a belief in the separation of religion and public education a religion of secularism is constitutionally correct. Geislers definition of human secularism violates the rules of definition. Geisler states s ecular humanism as the non-belief in God. This definition does not have a genus, it uses a negative term, and is too broad. This definition can also include Atheist who also do not believe in a higher power. I have first hand experience dealing with prayer in school. I went to parochial school for 13 years, 13 of which I was not a Catholic and 5 of which I was not a Christian. Although we were never forced to pray and Catholicism was not my familys religion, at a young age I said the Catholic prayers because I did not know the difference and simply followed what everyone else around me did. As I grew older and refused to pray, and I was asked to at least stand in respect of the others praying. For most of my education I was chastised for my beliefs. If school prayer is instituted in public schools this will cause an unneeded sense of division between those that believe in God and those that do not. Because the Untied States is predominately Christian the prayers will most likely reflect Christian values. This leaves others out that do believe in God but are not Christian, such as Jewish and Muslim

Multiculturalism in Childrens Writing in the US in the 1980s The WritePass Journal

Multiculturalism in Childrens Writing in the US in the 1980s Introduction Multiculturalism in Childrens Writing in the US in the 1980s ]. Cai, M. (1998) Multiple definitions of multicultural literature: Is the debate really just ivory tower bickering. The New Advocate, 11(4), 311–324. Cai, M. (2002) Multicultural literature for children and young adults: Reflections on critical issues. Milton Keynes: Lightning Source. Cohen, V., and Cowen J. (2008) Literacy for Children in an Information Age: Teaching Reading, Writing, and thinking. Bedmont: Thompson Wadsworth. Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica. (2008) Prayer Rug. [Online] Available from britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/474169/prayer-rug [Accessed 11th October 2014]. Fisherman, A. R. (1995) Finding ways in: Redefining multicultural literature. The English Journal, 84(6), 73–79. Gopalakrishnan, A. (2010) Multicultural Children’s Literature: A critical approach. California State University, Los Angeles: Sage Publications Larrick, N. (1965, September). The all white world of children’s books. The Saturday Review, 63–65, 84–85. Norton, E., Norton, S. E. (with McClure, A.). (2003) Through the eyes of a child: An introduction to children’s literature. Upper Saddle Fiver, NJ: Merrill/Prentice Hall. Lindgren, M. V. (1991) The multicolored mirror: Cultural substance in literature for children and young adults. Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin: Highsmith. Neff D., (1997) The Intifada Erupts, Forcing Israel to Recognize Palestinians Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. December 1997, p. 81-83. Peterson, A. (1994) Dictionary of Islamic Architecture. London: Routledge Rosenblatt, L. M. (1978). The reader the text the poem: The transactional theory of the literary work. Carbondale Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press. Schwartz, E. G. (1995). Crossing borders / shifting paradigms: Multiculturalism and children’s literature. Harvard Educational Review, 65(4), p. 634–651. Shannon, P. (1994). I am the canon: Finding ourselves in multiculturalism. Journal of Childrens Literature, 20(1), p 1–5. Sims Bishop, R. (1982) Shadow and substance: Afro-American experience in contemporary children’s fiction. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English. Sims Bishop, R. (2007). Free within ourselves: The development of African American children’s literature. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann. Soucek, G. A., (2006) Doves (Complete Pet Owners Manual). New York: Barrons Educational Servies Inc Stevens C. A., (1989) Turkey Palestine: Both Middle Eastern Secular Democracies Washington Report on Middle East Affairs. March 1989, p 17. Stickles, F.C., and Townsley J. (1988) The Flag Balloon. Washington: Amer Educational Trust Topek, S. R., and Kahn, K. J. (1988) Israel Is. United States: Kar-Ben Pub

Credit risk management in commercial banks (First Bank Nigeria Plc) Dissertation

Credit risk management in commercial banks (First Bank Nigeria Plc) - Dissertation Example Credit Risk Management is one of the most crucial operations for any financial company. The financial crises occurred in USA, the Euro zone countries and in other parts of the world. It made the global economy fragile and susceptible to any kind of shocks. One of the major reasons behind the global meltdown was the lack of proper finance management practices including a poor credit risk management system by many of the top global financial corporations (George, Sinha and Murali, 2007, pp.18-19). But the financial crisis was an eye opener. It prompted the top managements of all the banks to give special attention to the management of their credit risk. The rise in competition coupled with the risk-taking attitude of individuals and enterprises have led to the invention of several financial instruments for transferring risks. This has caused much imbalance in the global financial system. Therefore further studies are required to understand the problem of credit risks and challenges tha t encompass it. To achieve that we need to have a better understanding of the core issues and the problems they cause. We also need to search for their solution. Taking the risk of investment is very crucial for a bank to make profit. Without risk there will be no returns. But due to that risk, assessment of such risk and ways to deal with it becomes very necessary.Any bank or financial institutions face such risks and they must balance their risk through various methods.The challenges for a bank are to survive in the current competitive market and maintain a large customer base. So it must offer a range of loans at a reasonable interest rate. But the interest rate cannot be too low or the bank would face losses. At the same time it must maintain a wide capital base to comply with the law and to avoid economic fragility. However it cannot be so large that the bank does not have much money to invest. The nature of risk management is often investigative- collecting information about t he borrower and then analyzing their capacity to repay the loan. It also contains some policy prescriptions from the bank to the borrower so that the chances of default are reduced. So assessment of risk is very necessary for any financial institutions including banks to make a prudent investment decision. It is necessary for the bank to manage its portfolio by striking a balance between its risk and return. The kinds of credit risks that a modern bank faces are varied in nature. The bank may have undertaken a risk if they have provided a loan to an individual or an enterprise. The risk of loss of principal and interest if the borrower defaults on their loan is one risk that the banks have to face. The bank needs to have a sound credit management policy not only to offer loans to the right candidates but also to gain the confidence of the depositors. If the depositors lose their confidence the banks will be short of fund to offer loans. A sudden loss of confidence of the depositors may even lead to a bank run. The banks face other risks if they offer securities and other modes investments. To avoid that risk the banks must maintain a capital base to ensure its solvency. The second Basel Accord provides guidelines for the capital a bank must to give a certain amount of loan. The higher risk the bank takes the higher is the capital base it must have. Credit Risk Management thus have to comply itself with the Basel II or other financial regulatory bodies. Usually apart from core banking activities these days the banks are also involved in investment activities. Therefore for a bank it is also very important to analyze their investment and risk portfolios to balance their risk. Review of loans and portfolio analysis are two of the main functions of credit risk management. The importance of credit risk management has also increased due to the operation of the banks in the security

Organizational Assessment of Human Impact Preparedness for Essay

Organizational Assessment of Human Impact Preparedness for Organizational Crisis - Essay Example History can be attributed to the acknowledgement of a fact that disasters and crises occur and the people possess a robust potential in neutralizing and overcoming them. The hazards and disasters be it natural or within an organizational structure by technical factors requires overcoming the situation as people’s lives are associated with it and human resource can be regarded as indispensible assets in the smooth functioning of the organizations in the society. The world has seen the tragic events of Bhopal gas tragedy and that of the Exxon Valdez oil spill which took away the lives of a large number of people and also represents the lack of proper emergency planning. The mutual cooperation among the organizations can be regarded as basic criteria for overcoming the aftermath of the disasters. The relationships should be developed on an ad-hoc basis through synchronized planning. There is a common prevalent proverb that, â€Å"When you hear the thunder, it’s too late t o build an ark† (Emergency Planning, 2005, p.8). The statement leads us to the formation of a notion that we should be always prepared for countering disaster and crisis situation. Possessing a formal and well formulated emergency plan will be directing towards the provision of several reactions from the side of an organization which will lead to the establishment of recovery and eliminating adversities. The emergency systems will have to inculcate with developed training components which will lead to the minimization in the loss of life, injury and that of property loses. The emergency systems possess the capacity of generating disruption defenses which helps an organization to adhere to its mission of optimally serving its clients within real time. The requirement of emergency planning is immense in that the planners involved in them will be guided by some basics for the proper execution. At the core, the

In what ways can an organisation's culture affect or influence (a) Essay

In what ways can an organisation's culture affect or influence (a) structure and (b) employee behaviour Answer by using the organisation G.O.F. case study - Essay Example Galactic Office Furniture is a private sector undertaking and follows a hierarchical organization structure. The basic motive of the project is to determine the effect of the present organizational culture and analyse the aspects of Human Resource Management system within the firm. The in-depth analysis of HRM policies is important as it would help in pointing out the defects in the systems and will necessarily bring out the scopes for improvement. The organisational goals and strategies are influenced by the structure and the culture followed by an organisation. Although the goals and strategies documented by the GOF upper brass is quite challenging and forward looking, still the organisational structure and the work culture followed by it greatly limits its value. According to the new mission, the company started focusing on improving the structure of the organization to improve the efficiency of operation. The operations and the production process need to be improved in order to reduce cost and increase flexibility of the process. This actually demands a change in the organization structure. Whenever there is a change in the system, the top management should be careful enough to bring about the change in the organization culture. (Morrison, Brown, Smit, 2006). Bringing a change is the organizational culture is of course a gradual process and it is time consuming. For that specific reason, it is always considered as a long-term strategic goal in Human Resource Management system. However, in most of the cases, culture might be considered as an abstraction but its forces are derived from the social interaction within the organization. (Schein, 2004, p.5). For that reason when the management seeks to adapt certain change in policy, it is always advisable to start from the core of the organization to bring about a change in the cultural base of the organization. Effective leadership can

Motivation In Second Language Learning

Motivation In Second Language Learning Motivation, as other individual differences in second language learning, plays a significant role which could affect second language learning success. It is an incentive to start L2 learning and sustain the later learning process. In classroom settings, same teachers, same materials, it could be seen that even one with highly aptitudes in learning a second language could fail in its achievement if there is no adequate motivation. For the past several decades, social psychologists and educators have made much effort to study this complicated topic through different aspects. This assignment will try to give a description of key findings from literatures in this field which will mainly focus on two of the most influential approaches: Gardners motivation theory and self-determination theory (Deci Ryan,1985, 2002). And then I will present a brief critique on an empirical research which was worked by Lucas etal (2010) A Study on the Intrinsic Motivation Factors in Second Language Learning Among Selected Freshman Students. This study had found that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.At last, I will examine that this research is helpful in understanding second language learning and teaching from my personal experience. Key Findings in this research According to Zoltan Dornyei (2005), second language learning motivation research has gone through three phrases: The social psychology period, the cognitive-situated period, and the processed-oriented period. In these three different periods, it could be found that social psychologist Gardener and his colleagues made the great contribution to their theory about integrative motivation and instrumental motivation. They indicated that second language learning is different from learning other subjects. Because it could be seen that it shows ones personal disposition and identity. For example, learning English has been a fevour for many years in China. People learn it may be in order to pass the various examinations or to communicate with westerners freely. The former one could be instrumental motivation, alternatively, the later on could be seen as integrative motivation. Integrative motivation and instrumental motivation During the social psychology period, Integrative motivation and instrumental motivation has played a influential role.The definition of integrative motivation given by Gardner and Lambert is that learning a second language is an interest to communicate with other communities which is a way to acknowledge to their people and culture. Relatively, instrumental motivation is somehow a desire to learn a second language so as to get a job opportunity or fulfill a credit points in study. The following research later on found that integrative motivation and language learning success had positive relationship at different aspects. (Clement, 1980; Gardner, 1985, 2000; Gardner, Day,MacIntvre, 1992; GardnerLambert, 1972; GardnerMacIntvre, 1991, 1993; Gardner, Tremblav,Masgoret, 1997; Masgoret Gardner, 2003). For instance, Gardner and Lambert (1972) identified that the students in French courses. They studied how their integrative motivation and instrumental motivation functioned when they learning. They found that integrative motivation played an imortant role in successful learning French. Further evidence were given by Gardner, Tremblay, and Masgoret(1997) which support the point of view. During their research, participants did multiple choice test, a doze test, a vocabulary test, a composition and grades in French who had been measured by one hundred items. Important relationship was found between integrative motivation and each second language learning achievement. Examination given by Ely (1986) studied that to what extent the integrative and instrumental motivation theory could describe motivation of learning Spanish for freshmen in one university. He indicated that validity and the significance of Gardners theory. And then Ramage (1990) identified a group of students motivation in learning French or Spanish when they finished the second year of high school studying. She also investigated their desire to keep on learning French or Spanish. She confirmed that there was a positive relationship between in interest toward the second Language culture and the willingness to continue learning French or Spanish. As it has been mentioned above, the definition of integrativeness plays a key role in Gardner and Lamberts (Gardner, 1985, 2000; GardnerLambert, 1972) dominant conceptual framework of second language learning motivation. Other researchers, inspired by this theory had made a great numbers of empirical studies from various aspects (e.g., Clement, 1980; Clement, Dornyei,Noels, 1994; ClementKruidenier, 1985; Dornyei, 1990, 1994a; DornyeiKormos, 2000; Gardner, Day,MacIntyme, 1992; Gardner, Lalonde, Moorcroft, 1985; GardnerMacI.., 1991; Schumann, 1986). To some extend, it could say that these studies supplement and enrich the understanding of relationship between second language motivation and its attitudes toward culture. It has been found a positive view for second language learners who want to integrate other communities and get contact with people. Yet, as a enigma, integrativeness has still existing difficulties for the researchers to define its nature. Gardners (2001) said that the t erm is used frequently in the literature, though close inspection will reveal that it has slightly different meanings to many different individuals (p. 1). Further studies has still be needed. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation When it turns into cognitive-situated period, Self- determination theory which proposed by Deci and Ryan provides two kinds of motivation. Intrinsic interest focous on the activity for its own sake. On the other hand, extrinsic interest based on the rewards such as points, candies, compliments, money, test scores, or grades. However, These two types of motivation are not absolutely dichotomy. It could define that intrinsic motivation (IM) is a motivation which emphasize the enjoyment of engaging in activity. Ryan and Deci(1985) suggested that the nature needs for competence and self-determination is rooted in intrinsic motivation. Whats more, they supposed that people will choose to engage to an activity which is according to their propensities. Because the degree of the activity could rise. And then with challenging those difficulties, learners will realize a sense of competence in their abilities. However, the precondition is that they could be given free opportunities to choose. Ryan and Decis (2000) hypothesis cited in Lucas etal (2010: 6) stated that no single phenomenon reflects the positive potential of human nature as much as intrinsic motivation ¼Ã…’which is defined as the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, to extend and exercise ones capacities, to explore, and to learn. Developmentalists confirmed that even without rewards, children are active and curious from the time when are born. It is so important for cognitive and social progress and that describe a main source of pleasure in life. Ryan and Deci (2000) posit that no single phenomenon reflects the positive potential of human nature as much as intrinsic motivation ¼Ã…’which is defined as the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenges, to extend and exercise ones capacities, to explore, and to learn. Developmentalists acknowledge that from time of birth, children, in their earliest and healthiest states, are active, inquisitive, curious, and playful ¼Ã…’even in the absence of rewards. The whole construct of intrinsic motivation describes this natural inclination toward assimilation, mastery ¼Ã…’spontaneous interest, and exploration that is so essential to cognitive and social development and that represents a principal source of enjoyment throughout life (CsikszentmihalyiRat hund e, 1993; Ryan1995 in Ryan Deci ¼Ã…’2000). Ryan ¼Ã…’Kuhl and Deci (1997) also argued that despite the fact That humans are liberally endowed with intrinsic motivaions, it is clear that the maintenance and enhancement of this inherent propensity requires supportive conditions, as it can be readily disrupted by various non supportive conditions. Thus, their theory of intrinsic motivation does not concern what causes intrinsic motivation ¼Ã…’but rather ¼Ã…’it examines the conditions that elicit and su staff n ¼Ã…’versus subdue and diminish this innate propensity. Thus, Deci and Ryan (1985) presented the Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET) as a subtheory within SDT self-determination theory that had the aim of specifying factors that explain variability in intrinsic motivation. CET was conceptualized in terms of social and environmental factors That facilitate versus undermine intrinsic motivation, being inherent, will be catalyzed when individuals are in conditions that conduce toward its expression. The study of conditions that facilitate versus undermine intrinsic motivation is an important step in understanding sources of both alienation and liberation of the positive aspects of human nature. Furthermore, CET specifies that feelings of competence will not enhance intrinsic motivation unless accompanied by a sense of autonomy (Fisher ¼Ã…’1978; Ryan ¼Ã…’1982 i n Ryan Deci.2000). To sum ¼Ã…’CET framework suggests that social environments can facilitate or forestall intrinsic motivation by supporting versus thwarting peoples innate psychological needs. Strong links between intrinsic motivation and satisfaction of the needs for autonomy and competence have been demonstrated.It is critical to remember that people will be intrinsically motivated only for activities that hold intrinsic interest for them ¼Ã…’activities that have the appeal of novelty ¼Ã…’challenge, or aesthetic value.(Ryan and Deci 2000) The term extrinsic motivation refers to the performance of an activity in order to attain some separable outcome, and thus, contrasts with intrinsic motivaion ¼Ã…’which refers to doing an activity for the inherent satisfaction of theactivity itself. In contrast to intrinsically motivated behaviors, extrinsic motivation (EM)are those actions carried out to achieve some instrumental end ¼Ã…’such as earning a reward or avoiding a punishment. This type of motivation does not necessarily imply a lack of self-determination in the behaviors performed.Ryan an d Deci (1985) and Vallerand (1987) maintained that different types of extrinsic motivation (EM)could be classified along a continuum according to the extent to which they are internalized into the self- concept (i.e., the extent to which the motivation isself -determined ). Critique on a empirical research The paper focused on intrinsic motivation factors that may help identify what specific L2 communicative skill students are more motivated to learn. The study involved 240 freshman college students from different universities and colleges in Metro Manila. A 48-item questionnaire was administered to the selected respondents. The results of the study showed that students are intrinsically motivated to learn speaking and reading skills and that they are intrinsically motivated via knowledge and accomplishment. These may suggest that students are motivated to learn these linguistic skills due to the very nature of the skills which they find interesting and relevant to them. The mastery of these linguistic skills somehow helps them achieve their learning goals which may bring benefits to them in the future. The study investigated if students are intrinsically motivated to learn L2 communicative skills such as writing, reading, speaking and listening. It also examined the factors of intrinsic motivation that may help determine why and why they are not motivated to learn those macro skills. This study adapted Deci and Ryans (1985) self-determination theory and Vallerands (1997) Academic Motivation Benefits from the research The study puts forward the reality that indeed ¼Ã…’English is a prestigious language and that students will always be interested to learn this language due to the many benefits it may bring. Their bilingual exposure at a very early stage in their lives puts the Filipino young language learner to an advantage over their Asian counterparts. It could be seen that motivation is a key component in second language learning. However, in my teaching experience, I could find some students still could be lowly motivated or even lost motivation in learning English. The reasons for this could be found by the research just discussed above. Lucas etal (2010) generated that teachers are influential in their students motivation towards their own learning competencies. Thus, it is highly important for the second language teachers to improve their own qualification of teaching continuously. Moreover, sufficient preparation for every class is needed. Students always expected to learn as much as possible interesting and helpful skills from teachers instruction. So reasonable design and arrangement of the details of classroom activities could help students achieve their goals. Firstly, factors relating to a class design should be taken into account such as the length of time, the level of students proficiency, the size of the class, teaching equipment and approaches. Secondly, it is possible that unexpected problems could happen in the process of teaching. Therefore, how to change and adapt other ways of teaching should be considered. For example, at different stages, the teachers role could be instructors or friends. Thirdly, during my classroom settings, the procedures often go by the following process: leading in, explaining, practicing and output. It could be said that each steps have their own features. Thus, it is significant to noticing activities adoption, the ways of communication and giving feedback. I found that students could get fulfillment and satisfying from a successful classroom teaching process. Thus, in other words, a teacher with more competence in teaching could help students become more confident in learning. At last, students motivation could be motivated and improve their achievement in second language learning. In addition to intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation could also function as a positive role in teaching English. Bilingual exposure in a second language environment could stimulate students extrinsic motivation through different ways. After entering WTO, it has become a heated-topic to learning English. Student extrinsic motivation have been highly strengthened when they found other people were all learning English. Relatively, it could say that if one found the other students have no interest in learning this kind of language, he or she will probably feel the same way. From another aspects, further more, it could also say that parents positive attitude towards English language and cultures of English speaking countries could generate their childrens extrinsic motivation toward English learning . Conversely, parents negative attitude could result their lack of learning . 4 how to stimulate students motivation During teaching process, teachers could combine the teaching materials and specific classroom settings to help students to establish a conducive learning motivation, for example, to develop learners interest in learning the language and its culture. At the same time, it is helpful if students could to change their attitudes toward learning second language. At last, they could turn their extrinsic motivation into extrinsic motivation. 4.1 to provide a good classroom environment The classroom environment is very important to language teaching. As Gardner (1981) stated that we can not actually teach students a foreign language, but only to create a suitable language learning environment for students. Good classroom atmosphere could not only make students learning actively and enhance their motivation but also could greatly improve their ability to learn. Psychological research shows that studying in a relative relax and joyful environment could maintain fine mental state and enhance ones memory. Furthermore, it is helpful for letting students thinking creatively and find their potential abilities. Conversely, if the classroom environment is tedious, the state of students learning could be poor. Consequently, negative attitudes toward learning could appear which will weaken the motivation, learning effect will not be guaranteed. In addition, the establishment of the communicative environment is also very important for teachers. It is very likely to stimulated students second language learning motivation by providing their opportunities to use language in an authentic environment. Therefore teachers should as much as possible to try to create communication opportunities and harmonious environment to improve students motivation to learn. Inspire students learning motivation through classroom activities. It could be seen that providing students successful learning experience and cultivating their intrisinc interest in activities could achieve the aim of improve students learning motivation in second language learning. there are part of students who have not been inspired by extrinsic or intrinsinc motivation in the classroom settings. For them, targeted activities could be important. Because they could find their learning interest during the participation of various and useful activities. It could say that offering opportunities for students with experience of success by designing suitable actives is a key role in second language learning achievement. 4.3 helping students to establish learning goals Learning objectives could be divided into long-term goals and short-term goals. Long-term goals could relatively ensure learners learning behavior to keep a longer time. Alternatively, achievement of the short-term goals could give students the fulfillment of learning experience, so that students can have a strong learning motivation. Therefore, according to learners different levels of learning, teacher could help students to establish specific long-term goals and short-term goals. Whats more, Long-term goals should have high standards and short-term goals must be feasible. 4.4 understand the students learning needs It is significant for language teachers to understand students learning needs so as to instruct them what they want to learn. Because it is a useful way to arouses students study enthusiasm, and cultivate their interest in learning by fulfill their thirst for knowledge. Conclusion So far, second language learning motivation is still a complicated topic which has many aspects waiting for further study It is has been widely accepted that motivation plays a very significant role in second language learning achievement. The reason for some students learning poorly mainly is that they do not have highly motivation. Motivational strategies for second language learning is important . it is obvious that teacher could not create students extrinsic motivation, but teachers attitudes towards second language and its culture could have a great effect on its development. Activities in the classroom could cultivate students intrinsic motivation. .

Human Rights :: Human Rights Essays

Human rights are universal, indivisible and interdependent. Human rights are what make us human. When we speak of the right to life, or development, or to dissent and diversity, we are speaking of tolerance. Tolerance will ensure all freedoms. Without it, we can be certain of none. The raging ethnic cleansing in Kosovo is an example of intolerance. The Serbians will not tolerate the Albanians at any cost. They are forcing them from their homes, turning the streets into killing fields. This civil war seems unstoppable because of the intolerance of one race against another. No respect for individual rights, basic human rights. Another example is right in our own back yard. I am speaking of hate crimes which plague our society. They are no different today than centuries ago when slavery was allowed. One race against another. One religion against another, it is all the same. Hate is the opposite of tolerance. We can only live together through an expression of tolerance of the differences each of us brings into this world. We should embrace the differences and share the differences. For this is how we learn, through each others' differences. Tolerance in all cultures is the basis of peace and progress. Our country was founded on the basic idea that all man and women are created equal with liberty and justice for all. We must respect and preserve the rights of all, for when the rights of one is threatened the rights of all are diminished. I would like to leave you with this story to ponder. In Germany they came for the Communists, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Communist. Then they came for the Jews, and I didn't speak up because I wasn't a Jew. Then they came for the Catholics, and I didn't speak up because I was a Protestant. Then they came for me and by that time no one was left to speak up. Remember tolerance and mercy have always and in all cultures been ideals of government rule and human behavior. Today, we call these ideals human rights. Human rights are to be respected and preserved if we are progress as a society and as a people. Affirmative: Organized government would be non-existent if human rights were not preserved and protected. This Nation was founded by men of many nations and backgrounds. It was founded on the principle that all men are created equal, and that the rights of every man are diminished when the rights of one man are threatened.